<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-Hans">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
<meta name="generator" content="Hexo 4.2.1">
  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png">
  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png">
  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png">
  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg" color="#222">

<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css">


<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/all.min.css">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-minimal.min.css">
  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js"></script>

<script id="hexo-configurations">
    var NexT = window.NexT || {};
    var CONFIG = {"hostname":"sophimp.gitee.io","root":"/","scheme":"Pisces","version":"7.8.0","exturl":false,"sidebar":{"position":"left","display":"post","padding":18,"offset":12,"onmobile":false},"copycode":{"enable":false,"show_result":false,"style":null},"back2top":{"enable":true,"sidebar":false,"scrollpercent":true},"bookmark":{"enable":false,"color":"#222","save":"auto"},"fancybox":false,"mediumzoom":false,"lazyload":false,"pangu":false,"comments":{"style":"tabs","active":null,"storage":true,"lazyload":false,"nav":null},"algolia":{"hits":{"per_page":10},"labels":{"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}},"localsearch":{"enable":false,"trigger":"auto","top_n_per_article":1,"unescape":false,"preload":false},"motion":{"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}}};
  </script>

  <meta name="description" content="TCP&#x2F;IP 第八版, 第一章 架构，历史，标准和趋势，读书笔记。">
<meta property="og:type" content="article">
<meta property="og:title" content="TCP&#x2F;IP - 第一章 架构，历史，标准和趋势">
<meta property="og:url" content="http://sophimp.gitee.io/2018/08/01/tcp-ip/tcp_ip_architecture/index.html">
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Sophimp&#39;s Space">
<meta property="og:description" content="TCP&#x2F;IP 第八版, 第一章 架构，历史，标准和趋势，读书笔记。">
<meta property="article:published_time" content="2018-08-01T02:50:57.000Z">
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2021-03-15T03:49:47.941Z">
<meta property="article:author" content="Sophimp">
<meta property="article:tag" content="TCP-IP">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">

<link rel="canonical" href="http://sophimp.gitee.io/2018/08/01/tcp-ip/tcp_ip_architecture/">


<script id="page-configurations">
  // https://hexo.io/docs/variables.html
  CONFIG.page = {
    sidebar: "",
    isHome : false,
    isPost : true,
    lang   : 'zh-Hans'
  };
</script>

  <title>TCP/IP - 第一章 架构，历史，标准和趋势 | Sophimp's Space</title>
  






  <noscript>
  <style>
  .use-motion .brand,
  .use-motion .menu-item,
  .sidebar-inner,
  .use-motion .post-block,
  .use-motion .pagination,
  .use-motion .comments,
  .use-motion .post-header,
  .use-motion .post-body,
  .use-motion .collection-header { opacity: initial; }

  .use-motion .site-title,
  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
    opacity: initial;
    top: initial;
  }

  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
  </style>
</noscript>

</head>

<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage">
  <div class="container use-motion">
    <div class="headband"></div>

	
	<script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.bootcss.com/canvas-nest.js/1.0.0/canvas-nest.min.js"></script>
	

    <header class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
      <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-container">
  <div class="site-nav-toggle">
    <div class="toggle" aria-label="Toggle navigation bar">
      <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-first"></span>
      <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-middle"></span>
      <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-last"></span>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="site-meta">

    <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
      <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
      <h1 class="site-title">Sophimp's Space</h1>
      <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
    </a>
      <p class="site-subtitle" itemprop="description">coding & thinking</p>
  </div>

  <div class="site-nav-right">
    <div class="toggle popup-trigger">
    </div>
  </div>
</div>




<nav class="site-nav">
  <ul id="menu" class="main-menu menu">
        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">

    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="fa fa-home fa-fw"></i>Home</a>

  </li>
        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">

    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="fa fa-archive fa-fw"></i>Archives</a>

  </li>
  </ul>
</nav>




</div>
    </header>

    
  <div class="back-to-top">
    <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
    <span>0%</span>
  </div>
  <div class="reading-progress-bar"></div>

  <a href="https://github.com/sophimp" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewBox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"></path><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"></path><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"></path></svg></a>


    <main class="main">
      <div class="main-inner">
        <div class="content-wrap">
          

          <div class="content post posts-expand">
            

    
  
  
  <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" class="post-block" lang="zh-Hans">
    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://sophimp.gitee.io/2018/08/01/tcp-ip/tcp_ip_architecture/">

    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
      <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.png">
      <meta itemprop="name" content="Sophimp">
      <meta itemprop="description" content="A dream begin">
    </span>

    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
      <meta itemprop="name" content="Sophimp's Space">
    </span>
      <header class="post-header">
        <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
          TCP/IP - 第一章 架构，历史，标准和趋势
        </h1>

        <div class="post-meta">
            <span class="post-meta-item">
              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                <i class="far fa-calendar"></i>
              </span>
              <span class="post-meta-item-text">Posted on</span>

              <time title="Created: 2018-08-01 10:50:57" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-08-01T10:50:57+08:00">2018-08-01</time>
            </span>
              <span class="post-meta-item">
                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                  <i class="far fa-calendar-check"></i>
                </span>
                <span class="post-meta-item-text">Edited on</span>
                <time title="Modified: 2021-03-15 11:49:47" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2021-03-15T11:49:47+08:00">2021-03-15</time>
              </span>
            <span class="post-meta-item">
              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                <i class="far fa-folder"></i>
              </span>
              <span class="post-meta-item-text">In</span>
                <span itemprop="about" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Thing">
                  <a href="/categories/TCP-IP/" itemprop="url" rel="index"><span itemprop="name">TCP-IP</span></a>
                </span>
            </span>

          
            <span class="post-meta-item" title="Views" id="busuanzi_container_page_pv" style="display: none;">
              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
              </span>
              <span class="post-meta-item-text">Views: </span>
              <span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
            </span>
            <div class="post-description">TCP/IP 第八版, 第一章 架构，历史，标准和趋势，读书笔记。</div>

        </div>
      </header>

    
    
    
    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">

      
        <h2 id="task"><a href="#task" class="headerlink" title="task:"></a>task:</h2><ol>
<li>概述</li>
<li>Ping 程序</li>
<li>traceroute </li>
</ol>
<h2 id="process"><a href="#process" class="headerlink" title="process:"></a>process:</h2><ol>
<li><p>概述:</p>
<ul>
<li>TCP/IP 是整个协议族中的两个协议代表</li>
<li>链路层,                   网络层,         传输层,   应用层<br>ARP/RARP/驱动及接口卡,    IP/ICMP/IGMP,   TCP/UDP,  Telnet/FTP/e-mail </li>
<li>将网络连接起来: 路由器在传输层, 网桥是在链路层<br>  TCP/IP 更倾向于使用路由而不是网桥来连接网络<br>  应用层不关心也不能关心 一台主机是在以太网上, 还是在令牌环网上<br>  路由还是主机, 在不同场合有不同叫法</li>
<li>以太网, 令牌环网    </li>
<li>TCP使用了不可靠的IP服务, 但是提供了可靠的运输层服务<br>  UDP 的使用需要在应用层保证可靠</li>
<li>互联网地址, host, ip, DNS(domain name system)</li>
<li>internet: 用一个共同的协议族把多个网络连接在一起<br>  Internet: 指世界范围内通过TCP/IP互相通信的所有主机集合<br>  Internet 是一个 internet</li>
<li>ARP/RARP</li>
<li>单工/双工: 单通道, 双通道</li>
<li>BSD: Berkeley Software Distribution 伯克利软件分布系统</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Ping 程序</p>
<ul>
<li>ICMP 报文, 一种协议, 32字节, ttl, </li>
<li>可以判断两台机器是否可到达, 还有没有其他的功能</li>
<li>ipv4, ipv6 协议又是干什么的?</li>
<li>192.168.1.99 怎么样才能和 192.168.0.156 ping 得通?</li>
<li>线路SLIP链接</li>
<li>串口, USB, linux window port,  这些都属于网络可及, 可操作的</li>
<li>gateway的路由选路能力 要比主机强, 不用开始伺服选路程序</li>
<li>ping 程序就是用来进行连通性测试的基本工具, 使用 ICMP 回显报文请求和回显应答报文<br>  属于内核程序, 不通过传输层, LAN, WAN, SLIP, 局域网,  广域网, SLIP 线程<br>  ip记录路由选项, 时间戳与路由对应, 更高级的点工具是 traceroute<br>  上面的问题, 只是这一章显然不能解决</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>traceroute</p>
<ul>
<li>TTL 来回的一个值, 最大值设为255, 每经过一个路由器, 减1, 意味着, 最多不会经过255个路由? 所以会有个生命周期, 不能一直在网际中漫游</li>
<li>跳站计数器又是做什么的</li>
<li>RTT 时延? 还是往返时间</li>
<li>可指定严格选路, 也可宽松选路, rtt的计算</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>英文版:</p>
<ul>
<li>先看下历史, 概括, 很有必要, 然后再根据已了解的, 挑感兴趣的逐步了解</li>
<li>进度慢, 那也得慢慢磕, 网络, 操作系统, 算法, 这三样, 必须要磕过去<br>  算法可以在搞网络和操作系统的时候带着学<br>  图形学, 相对来说还是独立的</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<ol>
<li><p>Architecture, history, standards and trends</p>
<ul>
<li>groups of network:<br>  Backbones: 主干网<br>  Regional netoworks connecting: 区域网络连接<br>  Commercial networks:    商业网络<br>  Local networks: 局域网络</li>
<li>System Network Architecture: SNA, 系统网络架构</li>
<li>Open System Interconnection: OSI, 开放系统连接</li>
<li>Layers: a package of functions<br>  Application<br>  Transport<br>  Internetwork<br>  Network Interface and Hardware</li>
<li>Tcp/ip applications<br>  待看</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>改变记录方式, 以目标为文件单元, 计划明确, 提高效率</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="the-root-of-the-internet"><a href="#the-root-of-the-internet" class="headerlink" title="the root of the internet"></a>the root of the internet</h2><ol>
<li><p>这节是介绍历史的?</p>
<ul>
<li>yes</li>
<li>网络当然有更多的实现, 只不过历史原因, tcp/ip 当时期突出一些, 用得人多了就成了标准</li>
<li></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>重要性</p>
<ul>
<li>ARPANET<br>  已成为历史, 被tcp/ip替代, 转而搞 packet switching technology with the CCITTX.25<br>Standard, 成为了标准</li>
<li>DARPA<br>  pioneering of packet-switching over radio networks and satellite channels</li>
<li>NSFNET (the National Science Foundation) 国家科研基地<ul>
<li>a three-level internetwork in the United State consisting of.</li>
<li>backbone<br>  跨跃欧洲ip backbone network, 连接 mid-level 和 NSF-funded 超级计算机</li>
<li>Mid-level networks<br>  科研, 财团, 区域网络</li>
<li>Campus networks<br>  校园网络, 商业网络, 连接到 mid-level<br>  网络也是出于校园研究, 所以那些有名的大学, 当然也在这些网络里有一席之地<br>  民用网络, 应该划分到财团, 商业网络里<br>这些网络, 就是根据本土实际需求来建的,  通用性也是一步步演进的<br>NSFNET 是现代网络的核心, 国家级的嘛, 但是为何现在没听说过了, 应该主流也是那个时代的, 果然, 看到 Internet2, NSFNET 就开始congested了</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Internet2<ul>
<li>这些网络的历史, 要怎么看待呢?<br>  抓住每一时期网络的特点, 根据需求演进的<br>  网络的发展太快, 来不及预测了</li>
<li>research community<br>  研究人员的力量不可忽略, 那么他们的需求当然也是重中之重<br>  这本就是一群没有就创造出来的角色</li>
<li>mission<br>  -&gt; 几个重大的任务, 解决时代的问题<br>  -&gt; 政府, 研究人员, 科学, 校园, 商业, 肯定还有未提及的军用<br>  -&gt; 商业即民用级</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Open Systems Interconnection</p>
<ul>
<li>interconnection 意思与 connection 一样, 前者在计算机领域更专业性</li>
<li>开放系统连接</li>
<li>OSI Reference Model<br>  Application &lt;-&gt; Presentation &lt;-&gt; Session &lt;-&gt;<br>   Transport &lt;-&gt; Network &lt;-&gt; DataLink &lt;-&gt; Physical</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>TCP/IP Standards</p>
<ul>
<li>这个标准该怎么定, 从哪几个方面, 对这节会讲什么, 我怎么一无所知<ul>
<li>开始讲了标准的要求和申请流程</li>
<li>IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group) 互联网审核标准的组织</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>这个标准之所以这么流行: 1&gt; 与生个俱来的开放性 2&gt; 不断的更新 </li>
<li>开放是把双刃剑, 如果没有能力控制, 带来的肯定是伤害</li>
<li>Internet Standards Process 网络标准程序<ul>
<li>Technical excellence<br>  技术优秀</li>
<li>Prior implementation and testing<br>  先实现, 后测试</li>
<li>Clear, concise, and easily understood documentation<br>  简洁, 明了的文档</li>
<li>Openness and fairness<br>  开放和公平<br>  后缀ness当名词, 后续less 当否定</li>
<li>Timeliness<br>  合适宜的(按需解决问题)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>几个重要的 Internet Standards<ul>
<li>STD1 </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>RFCs </p>
<ul>
<li>这个貌似也很重要, 连续的提到, 是后续的网络标准么, 还只是一个网络名字缩写</li>
<li>Request for Comments 是一个标准文件的综合记录<br>  申请记录, 这个是通过才会有记录,<br>  the mechanism of RFC, 是一种机制, 所有关于Internet的正式标准都以RFC文档出版<br>  协议的状态:<br>  Standard, Draft Standard, Proposed standard, Experimental<br>  informational, Historic, Required, Recommended, Elective, Limited Use</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>

    </div>

    
    
    

      <footer class="post-footer">
          <div class="post-tags">
              <a href="/tags/TCP-IP/" rel="tag"># TCP-IP</a>
          </div>

        


        
    <div class="post-nav">
      <div class="post-nav-item">
    <a href="/2018/08/01/tcp-ip/tcp_ip_applications/" rel="prev" title="TCP/IP - 已有知识复盘">
      <i class="fa fa-chevron-left"></i> TCP/IP - 已有知识复盘
    </a></div>
      <div class="post-nav-item">
    <a href="/2018/08/03/tcp-ip/network_interfaces/" rel="next" title="TCP/IP - 第二章 网终接口">
      TCP/IP - 第二章 网终接口 <i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i>
    </a></div>
    </div>
      </footer>
    
  </article>
  
  
  



          </div>
          

<script>
  window.addEventListener('tabs:register', () => {
    let { activeClass } = CONFIG.comments;
    if (CONFIG.comments.storage) {
      activeClass = localStorage.getItem('comments_active') || activeClass;
    }
    if (activeClass) {
      let activeTab = document.querySelector(`a[href="#comment-${activeClass}"]`);
      if (activeTab) {
        activeTab.click();
      }
    }
  });
  if (CONFIG.comments.storage) {
    window.addEventListener('tabs:click', event => {
      if (!event.target.matches('.tabs-comment .tab-content .tab-pane')) return;
      let commentClass = event.target.classList[1];
      localStorage.setItem('comments_active', commentClass);
    });
  }
</script>

        </div>
          
  
  <div class="toggle sidebar-toggle">
    <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-first"></span>
    <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-middle"></span>
    <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-last"></span>
  </div>

  <aside class="sidebar">
    <div class="sidebar-inner">

      <ul class="sidebar-nav motion-element">
        <li class="sidebar-nav-toc">
          Table of Contents
        </li>
        <li class="sidebar-nav-overview">
          Overview
        </li>
      </ul>

      <!--noindex-->
      <div class="post-toc-wrap sidebar-panel">
          <div class="post-toc motion-element"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#task"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">task:</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#process"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">process:</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#the-root-of-the-internet"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">the root of the internet</span></a></li></ol></div>
      </div>
      <!--/noindex-->

      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
        <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" alt="Sophimp"
      src="/images/avatar.png">
  <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Sophimp</p>
  <div class="site-description" itemprop="description">A dream begin</div>
</div>
<div class="site-state-wrap motion-element">
  <nav class="site-state">
      <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
          <a href="/archives/">
        
          <span class="site-state-item-count">86</span>
          <span class="site-state-item-name">posts</span>
        </a>
      </div>
      <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
            <a href="/categories/">
        <span class="site-state-item-count">19</span>
        <span class="site-state-item-name">categories</span></a>
      </div>
      <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
            <a href="/tags/">
        <span class="site-state-item-count">89</span>
        <span class="site-state-item-name">tags</span></a>
      </div>
  </nav>
</div>
  <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
      <span class="links-of-author-item">
        <a href="https://github.com/sophimp" title="GitHub → https:&#x2F;&#x2F;github.com&#x2F;sophimp" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-github fa-fw"></i>GitHub</a>
      </span>
      <span class="links-of-author-item">
        <a href="mailto:sophimp2020@126.com" title="E-Mail → mailto:sophimp2020@126.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-envelope fa-fw"></i>E-Mail</a>
      </span>
  </div>



      </div>

    </div>
  </aside>
  <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>


      </div>
    </main>

    <footer class="footer">
      <div class="footer-inner">
        

        

<div class="copyright">
  
  &copy; 
  <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2021</span>
  <span class="with-love">
    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
  </span>
  <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">Sophimp</span>
</div>

<!--
  <div class="powered-by">Powered by <a href="https://hexo.io/" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> & <a href="https://pisces.theme-next.org/" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Pisces</a>
  </div>
-->

        
<div class="busuanzi-count">
  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
    <span class="post-meta-item" id="busuanzi_container_site_uv" style="display: none;">
      <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
        <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
      </span>
      <span class="site-uv" title="Total Visitors">
        <span id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
      </span>
    </span>
    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
    <span class="post-meta-item" id="busuanzi_container_site_pv" style="display: none;">
      <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
        <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
      </span>
      <span class="site-pv" title="Total Views">
        <span id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
      </span>
    </span>
</div>








      </div>
    </footer>
  </div>

  
  <script src="/lib/anime.min.js"></script>
  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js"></script>
  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js"></script>

<script src="/js/utils.js"></script>

<script src="/js/motion.js"></script>


<script src="/js/schemes/pisces.js"></script>


<script src="/js/next-boot.js"></script>




  















  

  

</body>
</html>
